Tests carried out in standard conditions and

For the antibiotic to be effective MIC or MBC should be able >> << to be achieved at the site of infection. Pharmacological absorption and distribution

antibiotic will affect the dose, route and frequency

administration of antibiotics in order to achieve an effective dose online

infection. In clinical laboratories often test for sensitivity to antibiotics is a test

disk diffusion (Fig. 1). In this test bacterial isolate

grafted uniformly on the surface of agar plates. The filter disc impregnated >> << standard number of antibiotics applied to the surface >> << plates and antibiotic may spread to neighboring Wednesday .. As a result, the gradient of antibiotic surrounding disk. After incubation

, bacterial lawn appears on the disc. Zone inhibition

growth of bacteria may be present around the antibiotic disc. Size of Area >> << inhibition depends on the rate of diffusion of the antibiotic, >> << degree of sensitivity of microorganisms and bacteria growth. Zone

Brake disc diffusion test in the back associated with MIC. Tests carried out in standard conditions and the standard

braking zones were established for each antibiotic. If the area

, braking equals or exceeds the standard, the body

is sensitive to antibiotics. If the inhibition zone less than the standard

, the body is stable. Figure 1 also

shows how to test disk diffusion occurs and Figure 2 illustrates some of the standard

braking zone for several antibiotics. E. Combination therapy

To take advantage of antibiotic synergism >>. Antibiotic synergism << arises under the influence of combinations of antibiotics

more than the sum of effects >> << some antibiotics. Antibiotic antagonism occurs when one

antibiotics, usually with the least effect, prevents >> << Effects of other antibiotics. F. Antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents

term antibiotic strictly refers to substances that have a biological origin, whereas the term chemotherapeutic agent refers >> << to synthetic chemical. The difference between these terms

was blurred, as many of our new antibiotics

. actually chemically modified biological products or chemically synthesized

biological products. General term for << >> antibiotics or chemotherapy drugs are antimicrobial or strattera 10mg antimicrobial agents << >> However, the term antibiotic is often used to refer to all types >> << antimicrobial agents. . << >>

Some of them are aerobic (need oxygen), while

Bacteria. Bacteria are unicellular organisms without a cell nucleus. They can be found in all parts

water column, sediment surface, and >> << rain itself. Some of them are aerobic (need oxygen), while others

anaerobic (not requiring oxygen). Most bacteria

free life, but some live as partners (symbionts) in other organisms >>. << For example, many deep sea fish harbor symbiotic bacteria

, emitted light that fish used for signaling other members of th

species. The ability of bacteria to emit light, called bioluminescence

. Bioluminescence makes water glow phenomenon most

visible on the surface, but also to be present at all strattera depths. Cyanobacteria, such as bacteria, plays an important role in the history

Earth and ocean processes, including development of stromatolites

(see photo on page 80). Life in the colony, >> << cyanobacteria producing oxygen during photosynthesis

caused the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere that many creatures >> << require life today. Although cyanobacteria also called

blue-green algae, it is important to remember that

cyanobacteria are related bacteria and algae. They, however

, associated with the chloroplasts in algae, chloroplasts use

certain plants for food is actually cyanobacteria living in the wall

plant cells. Some marine bacteria may interact with diatoms, another type of marine microbes >> <<, thus affecting the cycle of silicon in the ocean >>. << Diatoms, a group of unicellular algae, differ

a lot of two-part shell-like structures on silicon. One type of bacteria,

Thiomargarita namibiensis,

plays an important role in hydrogen sulfide eruptions from diatomaceous >> << precipitation of Africas Namibia coast. Known as sulfur pearl of Namibia

This anaerobic species digests

organic matter under low oxygen (or no oxygen) conditions caused by

high growth rates of phytoplankton in the Benguela upwelling zone, and

followed the collapse of large masses of dead phytoplankton that

down to the bottom. S) in bottom sediments. Over time, the gases are created and periodically

released in the water column in sulphide eruptions. In >> << surface water, H

S is oxidized to sulfur microgranules, bleaching it green milk. These surface characteristics can be observed by satellites (see photo on

p 81). .